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LPS are found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, where they function as endotoxins and elicit strong immune responses.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 1 which include superoxide anion and its metabolites, are critically important both in phagocytic cells where they participate in killing bacteria and in other cell types where they function as signaling molecules.
Histidine kinases are found in most bacteria, archaea, and lower eukaryotic species such as slime molds, fungi, and plants where they function in two-component signal transduction pathways.
Phytochromes are photoreceptors first discovered in plants, where they function as critical developmental regulators, and later found in fungi, bacteria, and algae.
Homologs of fha genes have been reported in other Gram-negative bacteria where they have functional roles in virulence.
In bacteria where they were first identified, RUVBs have a function as a DNA helicase at holiday junctions; but in more complex organisms, the RUVBLs have additional diverse functions (Jha and Dutta, 2009).
These proteins participate in the phage shock response that has been largely studied in Gram-negative bacteria where they are thought to participate in multiple functions.
These biofilms may harbour coliform bacteria where they persist and survive remedial actions such as chlorination.
These enzymes are found exclusively in anaerobic bacteria where they play a role in energy conversion [1] [4].
Other identifiable homologs of Bd serine peptidases are only found in bacteria, where they are more broadly distributed.
These associations are primarily represented in bacteria where they comprise one of the most common genomic contexts of HEPN genes.
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