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The metabolic activity of immobilized bacteria was determined using chronoamperometry by measuring the biochemical oxygen demand in presence of glucose using an artificial electron acceptor (Fe CN 63−) at 0.5 V/Ag-AgCl.
The As (III) oxidation of phenotypically and genotypically screened randomly selected bacteria was determined using the molybdenum blue method to measure the arsenate quantum (Lenoble et al. 2003).
The number of bacteria was determined using a Klett-Summerson photometer.
The antibiotic resistance profile of the bacteria was determined using breakpoint assays on LB Agar plates.
The drug susceptibility of all bacteria was determined using the resazurin microtitre assay (REMA; Palomino et al, 2002).
The ability of HLZ transgenic and non-transgenic control goat milk to impact cellular migration in the presence and absence of bacteria was determined using IEC-6 cells as previously described [ 27].
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Relative abundances of 6 well-studied bacterial taxa, total anaerobic fungi, ciliate protozoa, methanogenic Archaea and bacteria were determined using validated primer sets by real-time quantitative PCR.
The concentrations of bacteria were determined using a microvolume spectrophotometer (Nanodrop 2000).
Sections of bacterial pellets were examined (Figure 5B) and the sizes of individual bacteria were determined using NIH ImageJ software.
PMN bactericidal activity toward serum-opsonized S. aureus and lysis of PMNs following phagocytosis of serum opsonized bacteria were determined using published methods [8], [9], [23].
The antimicrobial sensitivity phenotypes of recovered bacteria were determined using a Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay according to the standards and interpretive criteria described by CLSI [ 7].
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