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SWF was solidified with collagen, allowing bacteria to form 3D biofilm, (Werthén et al., 2010) and experiments repeated in the resulting solid plugs.
To allow bacteria to form biofilms associated with bronchiolar surfaces (Bjarnsholt et al., 2013), we repeated the monoculture and 50% co-culture experiments in an ex vivo model comprising a section of pig bronchiole cultured in ASM for 4 days.
This very short time frame, compared to 24 h given for bacteria to form biofilms, suggests that bacteria meet a fully reduced or oxidized surface already when initiating the adherence process.
Imbalanced production of protease degrades growth factors allowing bacteria to form a biofilm.
MCF interact with accompanying phototrophic algae, cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria to form a stable sub-aerial (SABs) microbial community (Gorbushina et al. [2005]; Gorbushina [2007]).
Urea in the bowel is converted by urea-splitting bacteria to form ammonia. Ammonia chloride is generally reabsorbed and broken down to liberate free ammonia and hydrochloric acid.
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Visual observations of the bacteria deposition as well as mathematical modelling indicated that straining was the dominant mechanism of deposition in these sands (78 99.6% of the deposited bacteria), which may have been enhanced due to the tendency of this bacterium to form aggregates.
Furthermore, another anaerobic bacterium Veillonella atypica was shown to be able to reduce selenium oxyanions to form elemental selenium with its further reduction by the bacterium to form reactive selenide [18].
To test the intracellular localization of B. mallei, the ability of the bacterium to form actin-tails was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy.
Nevertheless, the role of type IV pili in the survival of F. philomiragia in the environment needs to be carefully studied, especially in light of recent reports of the ability of this bacterium to form biofilms and interact with the aquatic protist Acanthamoeba castellanii[ 41].
Since viruses and bacteria appear to form aerosols equally at the sea surface, our results imply that the higher proportion of viruses in the atmosphere is likely the result of longer residence times.
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