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However, if the number of informative SNPs and the CST rates are low, the lack of genetic differentiation between bacteria from different host species can still lead to an overestimation of CST rates because similarities in strains derived from a common introduction will be wrongly attributed to CST events.
Specifically, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA; 32) was used to apportion genetic variation among different ecologically defined bacterial subpopulations, and the common genetic distance measure, F ST (33 ), was used to quantify short-term genetic distances among populations of bacteria from different host species and locations.
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The bacterium was isolated from different host species [ 2, 23, 24], including several salmonid species, channel catfish, goldfish, common carp, European eel, coalfish, and perch.
Thirty-eight strains from 15 foci in the FSU and Mongolia, which were isolated from different hosts and plague patients, were selected to represent the diversity of this bacterium in Central Asia (Table S2).
brasilianum samples from Brazil that were obtained from different hosts and from different gene regions.
However, these phages had been isolated from different hosts, at different times, and in different countries.
These four bacteria have different host ranges and are phylogenetically distant.
* p-values < 0.05 are shown in bold to indicate significant differences between HD and FL bacteria (paired Student's t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test) Based upon the assumption that COGs conserved in the reduced genomes of host-dependent bacteria from different phyla are likely to be essential and therefore result from a vertical transmission, we searched for the essential COGs.
Bacteria from different phyla populated the list further down.
This feature might be an adaptation to different environmental conditions and, in the case of pathogenic bacteria, to different hosts or host tissues [ 46].
Small genomic differences could lead to drastically different expression profiles when the bacterium infects different hosts.
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