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The diphtheria toxin induces local tissue changes promoting the colonization and maximum reproduction of bacteria from a clonal group thus contributing to better transmission.
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First, the hallmark of antibiotic persistence is the biphasic killing curve (Fig. 2c); that is, the observation that not all bacteria in a clonal culture are killed at the same rate.
The development of the total fluorescence Itot of each clone is used to deduce the number of bacteria within a clonal patch.
Nevertheless, identifying and determining the exact extent of recombination events is not a simple and straightforward procedure, as there is no ideal methodology for establishing relationships for all bacteria, from strictly clonal to highly recombining microorganisms (Stumpf and McVean 2003).
Both tumour types appear to arise from a clonal origin, suggesting a similar origin.
Of the predators used, T. cancriformis derived from a clonal line provided by the University of Vienna (Dr. E. Eder), while adult N. glauca were caught in the field and treated against bacteria and fungi (TetraMedica General Tonic, Tetra GmbH, Melle, Germany) prior to the experiments.
These results demonstrate that synchronous multifocal bladder cancers frequently arise from a clonal origin.
Thus, the validity of the interpretation of Friedman et al. (2004) depends on the degree to which the genomes of thermophilic bacteria are inherited in a clonal fashion.
Analysis of LSU-61 showed that it had a mix of traits from various clonal complexes.
Each embryo is, in effect, clonal because it is generated from a single clonal ES cell line.
Gains from open-pollination within a clonal seed orchard were half those where direct deployment was possible from selected clones.
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