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Farms where manure spreading occurred, however, had significantly higher occurrences of contamination from NO3− and bacteria than farms where manure was not applied along with commercial N-fertilizer.
"The main worry would be that these cows represent a pool of the bacteria" that farm workers spread into the human population, Holmes says.
Other mechanisms could explain the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in farm environments when no antibiotics are in current use, such as the spatial structure in a metapopulation context [45].
Equally possible is spread of the multi drug resistant bacteria by farm workers which are know for poor sanitation.
The transfer of resistant bacteria from farm animals to farmers has been demonstrated in several instances (2, 3).
To complete these data, a random sampling of indicator bacteria "from farm to fork" was implemented, which has made follow-up of antimicrobial agent resistance for zoonotic and indicator bacteria possible.
It has been suggested that in the UK, antibiotic resistance in E. coli of animal origin may arise by acquisition of resistance genes present in MDR bacteria in farm soil.
This conclusion was consistent with hydrogeologic models in which runoff from heavy rains swept Campylobacter spp. and E. coli O157 H7 bacteria from farm 2 into the vicinity of well 5, where they gained access to the well and were distributed through the town's water supply (2, 3 ).
Detection of pathogenic bacteria in dairy farms and processing plants is important for milk quality control.
When the researchers analyzed bacteria isolated from farms, they found telltale signs of hybridization in about 1 in every 10 bacterial isolates, with C. jejuni MLST markers appearing in the genome of C. coli and vice versa.
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