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Treated bacteria are in a state of iron limitation, energy metabolism is redirected to fermentation and membrane proteins secretion and transport systems strongly inhibited.
Amoeba and bacteria are in a closed relationship in their different habitats (in natura vs in the gut).
Tuberculosis is characterized by two distinct phases an acute phase where the bacteria are actively growing and a persistent phase where the bacteria are in a slow growing or non-growing state [2].
Abruptly limiting the glucose availability in this fashion assures that the bacteria are in a defined physiological state at the beginning of the experiment.
The ability of the A. galanga extracts to remain active under hypoxic conditions could further be explored for the treatment of LTBI, where the bacteria are in a non-replicating and dormant state and remain unaffected by the conventional TB antibiotics.
This lack of elimination of bactericidal action suggests that these agents possess a secondary bactericidal mechanism of action that does not depend on the synthesis of protein and RNA, and that may be active when the bacteria are in a nonreplicating state (46 ).
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Induction of alsSD and pdhABCD might suggest that the bacteria were in a glucose excess state under low oxygen supply.
No changes in CFU counts of the bacteria were observed after 24 hours of incubation in the buffer (data not shown) indicating that the bacteria were in a non-multiplying state.
When the bacteria were in a carbon excess state, the 2-oxoglutarate will be siphoned off by glutamate synthase and catabolism of exiting amino acids will be avoided [44].
However, since the bacteria were in a co-culture, they could not be considered to be independent of each other, and no statistical analysis of the difference between the two bacteria was performed.
We showed that the mutant larvae had the expected dramatic early increase in bacterial burdens with cording that is associated with bacteria being in an extracellular niche from the start of infection (Clay et al., 2007).
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