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The backward flow at the pore level can be referred to as the micro-scale backwater effect.
Another possible explanation might be that more water enters Seropan that can drain again, leading to a backwater effect; a phenomenon which was visually observed in March 2012.
Finally a reduction of the backwater effect was achieved and the construction works were resumed with the implementation of the concrete barrage.
But, it is clear that, shallow aquifer salinity enhances due to tidal surges and cyclone, water logging, upstream less water flow, backwater effect, shrimp culture and excess withdrawal (Islam 2014; Islam and Bhuiyan 2016).
During this time, natural and engineered sediment deposition in the receiving basin decreased predicted basin-flow velocities and promoted a backwater effect that reduced the sediment transport capacity of the diversion channel.
The analogue of the backwater effect on a micro-scale using the BFD coincides with the wandering processes based on the continuous-time random walk (CTRW) theory which results in the fractional governing equation.
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Event 2 was also characterized by a high water level due to backwater effects.
Smooth and realistic hydraulic profiles along drains are obtained while backwater effects are clearly represented.
Both local scour downstream from weirs and backwater effects upstream from weirs appear to have caused the general flattening and fining of the channel.
Despite backwater effects, a comparison of longitudinal profiles before and six years after weir installation showed bed erosion downstream of nearly all weirs, likely a consequence of the cohesive clay material that dominates the channel bed and banks.
For stage-area relationships, clockwise hysteresis is the result of classic floodplain hysteretic processes (e.g., restricted drainage of the floodplain during recession), whereas counterclockwise hysteresis derives from the river hysteresis effect (i.e., caused by backwater effects).
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