Exact(3)
Armed with his finely honed skills of backwards reasoning, his trademark ability to solve unsolvable crimes often hinged on his revealing evidence too small to be noticed.
The agent is assumed to be an expected utility maximiser who takes a sophisticated (backwards reasoning) approach to sequential decision problems.
For instance, previous studies have asked clinicians to reflect on their proposed diagnosis using backwards reasoning to re-examine it (e.g., If your diagnosis is correct, what key features should be present but are missing? What key features suggest an alternate diagnosis?) (Mamede and Schmidt 2004; Mamede et al. 2008; Mamede et al. 2007).
Similar(5)
But investors had their reasoning backwards.
In explanation problems, one is reasoning backwards in time.
Here Holmes is describing what he calls reasoning backwards - moving from the facts to an explanation of what has produced them by a process of elimination.
In such a model we have M ⊧ ¬p3 and M ⊧ ¬p2 by reasoning backwards via contraposition from ¬p4 ∧ π3 to ¬p3 and from ¬p3 ∧ π2 to ¬p2.
This process is called backward induction (because the reasoning works backwards from eventual outcomes to present choice problems).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com