Each bee in the control group was subjected to three such backward trials, separated by 6 min. At the end of their three trials both the conditioned and the control bees were returned to the incubator for 3 hours.
The raw score for KSB is the total number of correct backward trials (maximum raw score of 5 correct trials).
Unlike Digit Span and Spatial Span which both require the administration of all trials of the forward task until the discontinuation criteria had been met, after which all trials of the backward task are administered (i.e., first DSF, then DSB; first SSF, then SSB), the Key Search task required the forward and backward trials to be administered in alternating order.
Here, the adults with ASD showed significantly lower levels of fusiform activation during the backward masked trials compared to controls.
One P+/V− backward-pairing trial consisted of presentation of peppermint odor 3 sec after the presentation of sucrose solution and subsequent unpaired presentation of vanilla (Fig. 1C).
In three groups of cockroaches, changes in the levels of salivation in response to peppermint, vanilla or apple odor were measured at 30 min after P+/V− backward-pairing trials (Fig. 4A) or CS alone trials (Fig. 4B) or at 40 min after US alone trials (Fig. 4C).
On backward-masking trials, the target items were shown first for 71 ms upon a white background, followed by the random-line pattern after a variable SOA.
The opera, partly based on Dava Sobel's book "Galileo's Daughter," traces Galileo's life backward from his trial and ostracism for his controversial scientific theories to his infancy.
The goniometer was either kept in static at various positions or rotated forward and backward for 6 trials.
Treatment integrity in completing critical steps of discrete-trial and backward chaining procedures were measured using a multiple baseline design across participants, counterbalanced for procedures.
Using a random-effects analysis the backward masked anxious face trials and fixation cross conditions were set as the explanatory variables accounting for differences in blood oxygen level dependent signals within and between groups.
