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When Gates talks about a robot tax, in essence, he's talking about financially penalizing companies that deploy the latest automation technology — a sort of "innovation tax" — which, to me, is a backward tax.
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Likewise, losses can typically be carried forward and carried backward in the corporate tax system, which leads to differences in the marginal tax rates.
Karl Marx, no less, ridiculed George in 1881 for being "utterly backward" in wanting to tax landowners instead of the rising captains of industry.
As summarised by Stanley and Jarrel (1989),2 meta-analysis starts with the compilation of an exhaustive sample of literature and the choice of the dependent variable (in our case, the degree of backward shifting of labour taxes, proxied by the estimated elasticity of net wages to taxation).
Let's put economic and other issues aside for a moment; we can have a spirited debate about the backward GOP approach to taxes, the environment, and foreign policy another time.
Recognizing the existence of loss carried forward and carried backward in the US corporate tax system, Mackie Mason (1990) analysed the effects of the marginal tax rate on debt policy.
Our current system of encouraging savings with tax deductibility is backward: it gives the biggest incentives to the most well off and the smallest incentives to those with low and moderate incomes.
However, economists across the spectrum believe that most if not all of the employer-paid portion of the payroll tax is shifted backward to labor, in the form of lower wages.
To do so, Republicans would have to offer something beyond the "government is bad" mantra that alienates many of these potential constituents, an economic program more credible than trickle-down tax cuts, and backward-looking social policies.
He called the proposed law a step backward from international agreements not to tax the Internet.
I hope we don't take an enormous step backward in our efforts to close the tax gap by eliminating a program that's working".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com