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The results showed that participants performed better in the Digits Backward task when both receptors were activated compared to when GRs only were activated (P<0.01).
Fig. 2 Musician status in the digit span backward task.
The digit span backward task showed a main effect of musician status, F 1, 148) = 6.07, p = 0.015, and a small effect size, η2 = 0.04.
FEM patients had poorer verbal working memory compared to HCs on the digit span backward task, with medium effect (η 2 = 0.06) for FEM patients without a previous history of untreated manic symptoms.
Consistent with the previous findings for the digit span backward task, the results of a 2 × 2 (musician status [musician, non-musician] × language status [bilingual, monolingual]) between-subjects ANOVA showed a main effect of musician status, F 3, 96) = 7.68, p = 0.007, η2 = 0.074, with musicians (M mus = 8.97) outperforming non-musicians (M n-mus = 7.44) on the digit span backward.
Of particular note, performance on the digit backward task (working memory) was significantly and positively associated with left and right hippocampal volumes measured by manual tracing and with automatic segmentation.
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One important difference lies in the sequence of administration of the forward and backward tasks as discussed in the Methods section.
These tasks, the continuous performance test and the visual backward masking task, were found to be more deviant in schizophrenic patients than in normals.
The purpose of this study was to see whether participants who persist in their stutter have poorer sensitivity in a backward masking task compared to those participants who recover from their stutter.
In the visual backward masking task assessing early visual information processing, as expected, all subjects responded quicker and had lower error rates the longer the interval between the target's presentation and covering by the mask was (ISI).
A backward masking task was used to test performance under strong time constraints [31].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com