When the ventricles contract, blood is forced backward, passing between the flaps and walls of the ventricles.
And, after Cincinnati place-kicker Jonathan Ruffin booted his third field goal of the day, a 26-yarder with 31 seconds to play, the Black Knights tried a cross-field, backward pass on the ensuing kickoff return.
Sequence of a recursive Gaussian filter: (a) row-oriented step forward pass, (b) row-oriented step backward pass, (c) column-oriented step forward pass, and (d) column-oriented step backward pass.
Since forward and backward passes are used to reflect the left-side and right-side neighborhood pixels, respectively, the execution order of the forward and backward passes does not affect the filtering results.
When out [x,y] is computed in backward pass, out [x + 1,y] through out [x + 3,y] are required.
With this forward and backward pass of the tree, we can obtain the cumulative sum in 2 log2N steps.
For NOC training, an off-line training procedure based on backpropagation through time algorithm is developed to minimize the general quadratic cost function in forward and backward pass stages.
However, we note two facts that circumvent the dependencies in a line: When out [x,y] is computed in backward pass, out [x + 1,y] through out [x + 3,y] are required.
In a preprocessing step, we compute for each activity j earliest finish times (EFT_j) and latest finish times (LFT_j) by standard forward and backward pass calculations, see, e.g., Demeulemeester and Herroelen (2006), p.
The hybrid learning algorithm of the modified ANFIS comprises two steps, i.e. forward pass by using fuzzy inference mechanism based on the neural architecture and Least-squares Estimator (LSE), and backward pass to update the premise parameters by the error a modified backpropagation algorithm.
