The original versions of MMQL-Youth Form and Adolescent Form were translated into Swedish, according to forward-backward methodology [ 19, 20].
The final model was obtained after reducing the FS model with a backward elimination methodology.
Factors associated with the time until event in the observational period (01/04/2011-31/12/2012) were analysed using backward elimination methodology.
The mean BMI of the patients was a treatment-dependent factor that was not associated with the T2DM-related event risk in a statistically significant way; so it was excluded based on our backward inclusion methodology.
A forward and backward translation methodology was applied that involved two specialist in the field of translation, for each directional process as detailed and recommended in the specialized scientific literature [ 11, 19, 20].
Guidelines for such cross-cultural adaptation activities are well defined (see IQOLA and ERIQA guidelines [ 33, 34]) and rely on a rigorous forward and backward translation methodology [ 35, 36], followed by the use of psychometric replication (or bridging) studies to examine the internal and external validity of the 'adapted' translation in the target culture [ 37].
The FACIT Translation Project team has developed a scientific approach to translating patient reported outcomes measures, which includes a rigorous forward-backward-forward methodology, psychometric testing, and cognitive interviewing.
We use a methodology based on backward induction to calculate a pure Nash equilibrium for each game.
Response surface methodology was implemented with backward stepwise regression to generate a model that best fitted to the experimental data.
Internationally recommended methodology, mandating forward translation, backward translation, reconciliation and pretesting steps, was followed.
In the standard statistical methodology the use of a backward or forward selection strategy has been criticized.
