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To generate background variable data, the following approach was used, similar to eIMPACT.
Higher proportions of missing data for background variable X1 caused a bias in the estimation of β2.
For each background variable, the polyserial correlation of the missing pattern with the true person proficiencies was −.10 or −.40.
The consideration of the weight status of their own child was considered to be an important background variable for the parental willingness to pay.
With both imputation methods, the result is a two-step procedure in which the PV imputation is nested within the background variable imputation.
Results of the PISA project have shown that the school average socio-economic status is an important background variable that explains a lot of variance in the student results.
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Background variables were collected.
However, background variables of TALIS are used.
Background variables had only marginal involvement in this model.
Two uncorrelated background variables were used in the simulation.
For example, residuals involving item responses and background variables can indicate whether the covariances of item responses and background variables are consistent with the IRT model.
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