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B n = background value of the element.
This value seems to be the background value of the CO2 content in the atmosphere of the Solfatara.
This index was calculated using Eq. (1) proposed by Müller (1969): {text{I}}_{text{geo}} =, log_{2} frac{{C_{n} }}{{1.5 times B_{n} }} (1 where Cn is the sediment metal concentration; A is the constant for modifying the fluctuation of the background value caused by lithological movement, usually 1.5 (Bhuiyan et al. 2010); and Bn is the geochemical background value of the metal.
The R software was used to quantile-normalized, and to minimum-replaced (a surrogate-replacement policy) values below background using the mean background value of the built-in Illumina probe controls as an alternative to background subtraction (which may introduce negative values) to reduce 'over inflated' expression ratios in subsequent steps.
Like in the previous experiment, the background value of the wild-type strain was very low (1,100 ± 50 rlu).
Two spirals have the background value of the albedo and one absorbing spiral has the value of albedo λ = 0.25.
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The PI is defined as the relative deviation of observed consultations for ARI divided by all consultations in the same week and set into relation to the background value of this ratio in weeks without influenza virus circulation.
Filtering was applied to exclude spots for which the reference, Cy5, signal was less than two times the background value of that particular spot.
The background values of the pollutants were below the maximum limits for drinking and irrigation water and with no need of reactors, collectors, aeration or recirculation systems.
The approach is based on a mixture model for the singularity index, and it can be supported by computing a distribution for background values of the index by parametric bootstrapping from a robustly-estimated variogram model for the target constituent.
To determine background values of the 252 chemical compounds listed in Dutch legislation, a survey was designed with the aim of estimating percentiles of the cumulative frequency distributions and areal fractions exceeding the former, legislative reference values.
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