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GO enrichment analysis was performed against a background set consisting of all the human genes with a known associated FANTOM5 human TSS using GOrilla [ 54 ].
We then scored each path using our context-sensitive algorithm, focusing on paths of length three to five. Figure 5A demonstrates the biological relevance of the top 5% scoring paths compared with a background set consisting of all paths of same length.
(i) The sentence, at the middle of page 12, "However, in order to use a two-sample t-test with equal size of the two samples it is assumed that the mean fold change f' and its standard deviation σ f would be the same for a randomly selected background set consisting of only m genes, see Eqn. 10".
The similarity score for each of the three analyses is shown in Figure 5. From this figure we see that clusters from the overrepresentation analysis using the background set consisting of all paralogs got the highest average similarity score, thus implying the most unambiguous clusters.
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This code used a gene's Flybase number as the unique identifier and the background set consisted of the whole set of unique Flybase numbers for all possible transcripts in the full array set (13558 genes total).
The background set consisted of any expressed gene that had a conserved miRNA target site with a context+ score ≤0.2 to any broadly conserved miRNA (Friedman et al. 2009), excluding all potential targets to the miRNA being tested.
Our background set consists of 1000 sequences also from dbTSS.
Significantly associated SNPs (P < 10−4) for each treatment (low glucose, high glucose, main effect) were used as the query set with a background SNP set consisting of all remaining SNPs used in the genome-wide mapping.
This was followed by a sample memory set, consisting of four gray rectangles with different orientations displayed in four locations on a black background.
The test set consisting of the paranome for each organism was the same in all cases, whereas the background sets either were all paralogs (i.e. the full paranome), all proteomes, or the individual proteome for each organism.
The background gene set consisted of all protein coding genes with an expression higher than 3 in at least one pool that are potentially targeted by at least one miRNA (6899 and 7192 genes for C7H2 and NALM6 cells, respectively).
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