The background tempo of diversification across the anomuran tree is characterized by a speciation rate lambda of 0.032572 lineages/Myr, and our results suggest that the diversification of anomurans is characterized by two periods where the tempo of diversification changes.
In this model, highly adaptive and frequently pathogenic clones arise from a recombining background population for a certain time period before they disappear again in the background population because of diversification predominantly driven by recombination and secondarily by point mutations (Smith et al. 2000).
As we primarily were interested to investigate if the synallaxine clade has an excessively higher rate of diversification compared to the background rate for the Furnariidae, we also calculated diversification rates for larger sub-clades nested within the synallaxines (the sub-clades for which diversification rates have been calculated are given in Table 1).
Within this clade, however, ST17 and ST78 cluster in different lineages, suggesting a certain degree of common evolutionary background yet diversification into separate genetic lineages.
Proposals for a phylogenetic tree of S. aureus, made to explain the discrepancies between overall genetic background and agr group affiliations, assume multiple steps of diversification and recombination [9]; [9]].
The rate within this lineage was approximately twice that of labrids diversifying at the background rate and roughly equal to the rate of diversification within the crown S-C clade (Table 4).
The background net diversification rate obtained in the tree of Magnoliidae (0.0401 ± 0.0138 sp.myr−1) is comparable to those found in angiosperms [ 14, 24].
MEDUSA analysis revealed that the background rate of labrid diversification, (0.086 lineages/MY) is somewhat higher than the average rate of diversification of percomorph (0.081 lineages/MY) and ostariophysan (0.067 lineages/MY) fishes as well as most major tetrapod lineages [ 36, 37] (Table 4).
If classical music is to continue towards its goal of diversification, we must ensure that opportunities for children from low-income backgrounds to learn instruments and sing are continually available.
For time intervals of one million year, we calculated net diversification rates under a relative high level of background extinction (0.9 using equation 10 of Magallón and Sanderson [ 19]. Thirdly, we applied a topological-based test of diversification.
