The engine was operated at a constant speed of 2000 rpm, and by varying the engine torque, experiments were performed at fixed gas inlet temperatures to the DOC, e.g. 150, 320 °C, and at each setting a constant background level of exhaust emissions was obtained.
We then tested PHD2 interaction with GRP94 to define the background level of fluorescent emissions of the acceptor protein EYFP in our FRET system.
For the low threshold image, the threshold has been set at about the background level of the phantom which is due to e.g. excitation light leakage through the emission filter, fluorescence emission light scatter, and autofluorescence of the phantom [32].
To account for long-range transboundary air pollution (in addition to the emissions from Eastern Denmark) we added a background level of 2.5 µg/m to the model, which corresponds to the yearly mean value obtained from a local remote background monitor station.
This may be explained by background levels of CO, higher emissions when vehicles are cold, nocturnal inversions, and stable atmospheric conditions.
The new instrument performed well during a three-month field test as an automated fence-line monitor at a refinery, successfully distinguishing upwind background levels of ∼1 ppb from emissions reflected in elevated mixing ratios of 3 4 ppb.
CALINE4 predictions in this study did not incorporate background levels of pollutants, thus solely represents the contribution from local traffic emissions.
Emission of (Z -hexen-3-ol, the only GLV detected from plants having natural background levels of herbivore attack in season one, was also reduced in lox2/3 and lox2/3x TPS10 to <16% of WT emission (Appendix Table 1).
Emission of TAB and TBF from plants with natural background levels of herbivore attack in season one was also increased in TPS10 and lox2/3x toS10, to more than 20-fold WT levels.
A non-smoker group provided background levels of BoE.
