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Few people buy the Guardian just to read the album reviews, which means you're dealing with a lot of what you might call passing trade, and one way to lure passing trade in is to try to make them laugh (it's also why I don't assume much background knowledge on the part of the reader – I want the review to be accessible to everybody, regardless of their familiarity with the artist being reviewed).
background knowledge on the data'.
background knowledge on the data.
Students require some background knowledge on the characteristics of the five major divisions of life ("kingdoms").
Otherwise, an attacker would be able to observe the query patterns and correlate the background knowledge on the queries to gain confidential information.
By doing this, the deterministic ciphertexts become indistinguishable in the sense that background knowledge on the frequency distribution of an attribute can no longer be applied.
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However, without background knowledge on how the ratings are specified, discovering the plaintext rating of Adam and Bob is not possible.
Based on their expertise and background knowledge on diabetes, the panellists were asked to first scan through the questions for face validity.
These pre-screening criteria were based on background knowledge of the technology.
For the sake of simplicity, we keep the definition of probabilistic record protection vague in this paper because the limit of obtainable information can depend on the background knowledge of the attacker, the number of outsourced records and the specific CPI approach.
GoPubMed (2) is a successful search engine for biomedical texts, based on the background knowledge of the Gene Ontology (GO) (3) and MeSH.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com