Sentence examples for background indicator from inspiring English sources

The paper is divided into three sections, namely: theoretical background, indicator development methodology, and way forward.

Employing citizenship as a migrant background indicator would allow for a comparison between most countries.

As prior research on the scaling of social background indicators into latent indices in large-scale assessments have shown, assuming a measurement invariance model across countries results in latent variables that are less reliable than those that occur when assuming measurement non-invariance (Caro and Sandoval-Hernandez 2012; Hansson and Gustafsson 2013; Lakin 2012).

Demographic characteristics and family background indicators are treated as confounding factors to be controlled for.

(2009) has shown, scaling social background indicators into a latent variable enhances the validity of large-scale educational assessment studies.

We then used the coefficients of only the student body background indicators to predict earnings based only on student quality before entering college.

While the scaling of the social background indicators into a latent variable is without dispute, and probably without a reasonable alternative, the assumption of measurement invariance evident in scaling the HRL index needs to be challenged.

We therefore think it safe to state that assuming measurement invariance of background indicators in cross-national studies of educational achievement is a challenge that needs to be addressed by anyone endeavoring to interpret cross-national differences in achievement.

In their efforts to explain observed achievement differences in the data from large-scale assessment studies, researchers have increasingly combined different background indicators (Bos et al. 2012; Martin et al. 2008; Mullis et al. 2007, 2008; OECD 2014a) by scaling them into latent background variables.

Block 1 comprises standard demographic characteristics and family background indicators, while Block 2 comprises a single composite measure of Cognitive Skills; that is, the Literacy scale scores and the Numeracy scale scores were summed and standardized to form a single predictor.

We observed associations of perinatal mortality with all available background indicators except asset index and type of delivery in both areas (Table 5).