Sentence examples for background has been estimated from inspiring English sources
After utilization of the cross-talk signal for preprocessing (Figures 5(c) and 5(d)), the background has been estimated by the exponential averaging.
Based on the divergence of surviving gene pairs in diverse genomes, the typical lifetime of duplicated genes in a diploid background has been estimated to be several million years [ 8].
This additional PCB burden relative to background exposure has been estimated to 2.8% [ 29].
Even the first people to be evacuated got an average effective dose of 33 mSv during the 24 hours before they left (the worldwide average dose equivalent due to natural background radiation has been estimated at 2.4 mSv/year).
Extrapolating from models calibrated to risks observed in atomic bomb survivors, the excess fraction of childhood leukemia cases due to natural background radiation has been estimated to be up to about 20% in France (Laurent et al. 2013) and the United Kingdom (Little et al. 2009).
The neutron background for the experimental design has been estimated using the Geant4 simulation.
The uncertainty budget from the reference assay and that from spectral measurements has been estimated from background spectra with the pure perfusate filled cell, enabling also an estimate of the residual variance due to non-modelled cross-sensitivities.
Since the background mutation rate in such populations has been estimated to be as high as 60% [ 21] the availability of independent alleles for each gene is essential to confirm functional assignment.
It has been estimated that there has been an 11% increase in background incidence since the expected interval cancer rates were calculated (Waller et al, 2007).
Statistical significance of the data has been estimated as in [1] by relating excess values in the observed periodical peaks to respective background scores.
