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These results suggest that the observed IGpe is not obtained by chance from the background distribution of the parameters.
Given that the background distribution of the GO terms in our gene lists may differ from the default used by GO Term Finder package [37], we reappraised the functional enrichment and found 36 human and 42 mouse modules indicative of functional enrichment in terms of the biological processes.
Each such group had NMW genes on whose promoters we registered a hit (see Methods for details) for the motif M in window W. Next, for each MW combination, the distribution of the CCP scores of the NMW target genes was calculated and compared to the background distribution of the CCP scores over all the 3,308 genes studied.
To determine (in a way that takes multiple testing into account) which of these is significant (at say 5% level), TANGO calculates the empirical background distribution of the best p-values obtained for each one of a large number of randomly generated gene lists (of the same length as T).
CLR [ 11] extends the RN by taking the background distribution of the MI values into account.
These randomization experiments were repeated 1000 times to get a stable background distribution of the variable importance scores.
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The enrichments of these four genes for either the luminal or basal state were unusual when compared to the background distribution of these enrichments across all expressed genes, indicating that these genes are strong indicators of the two states.
To identify the significant predictors for each TF, we obtained a background distribution of this score by randomizing the response variable (FB/NFB).
If the pixel of the detection region matches with the background distributions of the neighborhood region, it is highly likely that the current observation of the pixel is a background from the neighborhood region as opposed to a foreground in the current detection region.
A sequence of these distributions (see Figure S1), demonstrates that the distribution of the CCP scores associated with those genes, whose CHR motif is found in the [−100,0] and [0,100] windows, differs significantly from the background distribution (of all the genes), with an enhanced number of genes with CCP scores as high as 5 10.
EASE is a program that determines the over-represented GO categories in a group of genes (specified either by probeset ID, accession number or other identifier) by calculating the hypergeometric ratio of the GO annotations of the genes found in an analysis versus the background distribution of each of the GO annotations.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com