The phylogenetic trees show that the HBV 'CD1' isolates were grouped separately in one cluster within subgenotype C2, although the bootstrap values were relatively low (45% in Fig. 3A and 53% in Fig. 3B), reflecting the difference between the backbone sequence of the 'CD1' recombinant and that of the local subgenotype C2 strain.
Furthermore, it has the largest backbone sequence of the Group B1 strains, suggesting that it has the most complete complement of ancestral genes.
Expression of artificial miRNAs requires a miRNA backbone sequence, of which the mature miRNA is replaced by an artificial miRNA (amiR), which binds and cleaves its target sequence(s).
We found that the dynamical response triggered by the external input can be analysed in terms of: i) the nullcline's geometry as described by a backbone sequence of parametric conditions and ii) the specific location of the initial stable state in the phase space with respect to the nullclines and the separatrix.
The number of ORFs, which comprised the backbone sequence of Shigella spp. strains used in this study, was 1955 (include 12 ORFs which were not present in MG1655), which was less than the number cited in previous reports [ 10, 12].
For example, the comparison of E. coli O157 H7 (a virulent serotype causing haemorrhagic colitis), and non-pathogenic E. coli K-12, reveals that they share a common backbone sequence of 4.1 megabases (Mb), but they also contain respectively 1.34 Mb and 0.53 Mb of introgressed DNA that they do not have in common, characterizing the different lifestyle of the two strains [24].
The number of synteny blocks and the length of the backbone sequence for the eight genomes were summarized in Additional file 1.
When we phylogenetically analyzed the backbone sequences of 'CD1' and 'CD2' recombinants with the corresponding sequences of local subgenotype C2, we found that 'CD1' recombinants were grouped separately, instead of clustering among local C2 isolates within subgenotype C2 (Fig. 3).
The other GalNAc residue in this oligosaccharide as well as the GalNAc residues in the backbone sequences of Providencia alcalifaciens O21 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa O15 would not be expected to bind to MGL, since they are substituted at the 3- or 4-position.
To develop such a CpG ODN, we examined the effects of the sugar backbone, the sequence of the CpG motif, and modification of both terminals in CpG ODNs on NF-κB activation.
This suggests that the backbone sequence distribution of a PBE affects its rate and degree of crystallization.
