The phosphate backbone of DNA provides a negatively charged surface for the binding of basic side chains (Lys, Arg) of proteins.
DNA has been utilized to confer aqueous solubility to SWNTs with the hydrophobic nucleobases interacting with the aromatic structure of the SWNTs through π−π stacking(16) while the deoxyribose sugars and phosphodiester backbone of DNA provide the hydrophilicity necessary for aqueous solubility of DNA-encased SWNTs.
These companies became the backbone of political patronage, providing, for example, relatively secure and high-paying jobs to members of powerful unions.
Transport infrastructure is the backbone of national economies, providing connections for people and goods, access to jobs and services, and enabling trade and economic growth.
"It's not often recognised that scientists are the backbone of the NHS, providing vital diagnostic and therapeutic services for much of patient care," says Professor Sue Hill, the Department of Health's chief scientific officer (and a respiratory scientist by background), who today opens the flagship event for healthcare scientists, the CSO Conference at the QE2 Centre, Westminster.
Agriculture, the backbone of the economy providing some 57percentt of Gross Domestic Product, was the hardest-hit of all sectors.
Several non-specific contacts are made to the backbone of the DNA providing an electrostatic cushion for the DNA to pass through as it leaves the complex.
Glycosidases may also have a role in decreasing the steric hinderance for other CWDEs by removing protruding side chains from the backbone of polymers and providing increased access for endo forms of CWDEs [ 42].
A variety of aromatic cores can be incorporated into the polymer backbone providing control of the frontier energy levels, and electronic coupling.
Consumption of the supercoiled substrate and production of the plasmid backbone both provide a measure of the efficiency of the reaction.
