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The back translator translated the ACIC Dutch version back into the source language.
When warranted, the original translators of the questionnaire created a new harmonized translation of problem words or sentences and the back translator created a new back translation for review by a survey research expert.
In fact, the back translation from the American native back translator was almost perfectly equivalent to the original items that did not require cross-cultural adaptation.
Two discrepancies between the original English YPAS and the back translation were easily resolved in a conference call that included the primary translator, back translator and several members of the research team (both Dominican and US).
The qualitative analysis was conducted by local linguistic validation teams (original translators, back translator, project manager, interviewer, and survey research expert).
In the subsequent qualitative analysis, linguistic validation teams, consisting of the original translators, back translator, project manager, interviewer, and survey research expert, evaluated the debriefing results.
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Following back translation, back translators were given access to the original English items to comment on the initial forward translation.
The back translators compared their translations and came to an agreement about discrepancies.
Back translators were instructed to translate the Dutch items into American English and were told that measurement units of the metric system that feature in the Dutch items should, by approximation, be converted back to the corresponding imperial measurement units that are used in the USA.
The steps were as follows: (1) Preparation of a preliminary version through translation and back-translation technique, using two translators and two back translators, two had a PhD in English language, two had a PhD in Psychology and had expertise in research into spiritual.
The forward translation was then back-translated into English by two different independent back translators (A. F. A. R. and A. H. A). who were unaware of the concepts and purpose of the questionnaire or the nature of the study.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com