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Yet, the appearance of the later occurring Pe was specific to the aware error condition [7].
Next, mean aware error RTs of intermediate trials were compared to hit RTs in the two blocks: easy/intermediate and intermediate/difficult.
The ROIs were selected based on the literature and significant differences between the aware error and unaware error condition were found for these voxels.
Fig. 3 depicts the EMG-locked graveragesates at FCz for aware errors, unaware errors, and hits (A) and shows the average global field power (GFP, see [53]) in the aware error condition (B).
Interestingly, the functional connectivity of AIC varied with individual's baseline pupil dilation before the aware error.
An error reported correctly by pressing this signaling button is considered consciously perceived ("aware error"), whereas an error not followed by a signaling response is considered unnoticed ("unaware error").
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A possible confound of the present study was that it was not possible to disentangle difficulty and awareness, since aware errors were made mostly in the relatively easy block, whereas unaware errors were made in the relatively difficult block.
The presumption that insula activity is related to error awareness was confirmed, as the insula activation was seen only for aware errors but not for unaware errors or for hits.
The source reconstruction for aware errors and the mean values for each condition (aware errors, unaware errors, and hits) are plotted in Fig. 4A, B, and C. The main analysis of interest was the comparison of aware and unaware errors.
The Pe (200 400 ms) peaked around 300 ms after EMG onset only after aware errors.
Maximum peak amplitudes for the ERN at FCz and Pe at FCz and Cz for aware errors and unaware errors, aware errors and hits, and unaware errors and hits were submitted to pairwise t-tests.
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