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Random mutation capture (RMC) [21], [22] helps reduce the number of molecules in a population and avoids cloning by using restriction digestion.
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To avoid cloning bias, the whole cell population that showed resistance to G418 was used in each experiment.
For this study M17 cells from two different sources were transfected at least three separate times and bulk transfected cells were used to avoid cloning artifacts.
Both transfected and transduced cells were maintained as heterogeneous populations to avoid cloning artefacts.
To maximize clone length, we used a combination of high quality reverse transcriptase enzyme (SuperScript™ III, Invitrogen) followed by column chromatography (Sephacryl® S-500 HR resin, Invitrogen) to size fractionate the cDNA population (i.e., avoid cloning truncated cDNAs and primers).
The synthesized DNA libraries were amplified by PCR using KOD Dash polymerase (TOYOBO), inserted into pCR2.1TOPO vector (Invitrogen) and cloned, avoiding cloning bias.
Fragments were ligated to a linker and were digested with DpnI and SacI (LV-TrapSil) or SpeI (MLV-TrapSil) to avoid contaminations with bacterial plasmids and to avoid cloning of internal vector fragments.
Phylogeneticists have done their best to filter out gene families in the search for single-copy "magic bullets" that are easily sequenced by direct PCR, and to avoid cloning, Southern blots, or other labor-intensive techniques that are often necessary to initially identify paralogous copies of loci [ 58].
To avoid PCR and cloning errors, 10 14 cloned products were sequenced per individual for these loci.
Multiple independent clones were isolated and sequenced in order to avoid clones with PCR-induced mutations.
Resistant cells were maintained as a polyclonal population to avoid clone-to-clone variability.
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