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By matching emigration episodes to pre-departure variables, we are able to study the determinants of emigration, while avoiding reverse causality: this is particularly important when looking at household wealth as a determinant of migration.
A particular advantage of investigating education is avoiding reverse causation bias: incident cancer may lead to downward occupational mobility and reduced income but generally will not affect educational status achieved by early adulthood.
As for case control studies, Tsibouris et al stated that they removed patients who started COX inhibitors in the 4 years before the diagnosis of EAC to avoid collecting data on medication consumption caused by the underlying pathology, thereby avoiding reverse causation.
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Ms. McNally of Wells Fargo said older borrowers who might be moving out of their homes after two or three years should avoid reverse mortgages for the same reason that it makes little sense to refinance any loan before selling the house: the closing costs of the mortgage would probably outstrip any appreciation in home value, especially in the current real estate market.
We do not regress health insurance enrolment on health variables in the same period to avoid reverse causality.
Steam is fed at excess condition in both units, ATR and WGS, to avoid reverse WGS reaction.
As expected, employment has a positive effect (it is lagged here to avoid reverse causality, similar positive effects are found for contemporaneous values or longer lags).
From the standpoint of technological protection, several techniques have been developed to avoid reverse engineering, tampering, and illegal distribution of software.
Moreover, the process of replacing batteries must avoid reverse logistics and should be included in the regular container maintenance, scheduled every 1 to 3 years.
On the other hand, if inclined fitment cannot be avoided, additional support may be provided for the hose at the fixed flange end to avoid reverse bending at the weld bellows interface.
We believe that this difference can be explained by the fact that we used a lagged measure of identity to avoid reverse causality and accounted for unobserved individual heterogeneity using fixed effects.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com