Therefore, many password authentication schemes [3 7] have recognized this problem, and different solutions have been proposed to avoid verification tables.
The highest quality score is 3, when the study involves a clearly defined population, when it avoids verification bias and when MPS is interpreted independently of angiography.
Since our study will offer a prostate biopsy to all subjects upon entry we will avoid "verification bias" associated with PSA based screening.
We used a one week follow-up period to rule out the possibility of a missed diagnosis of serious bacterial infection and to avoid verification bias.
To avoid verification bias in estimating category-specific PPV (Houssami and Irwig, 1998), we have retained in the PPV analysis all eligible subjects who had either excision histology or at least one episode of follow-up (N=328).
We made follow-up visits or telephone calls at one week and did a medical records check for reattendance within one week to rule out the possibility of missed diagnoses and to avoid verification bias.
These include, 1) including a representative sample, 2) selecting an appropriate reference standard, 3) avoiding verification bias, 4) blinding the interpreters of the physical examination tests to the interpretation of the gold standard and, 5) blinding the interpreters of the gold standard to the interpretation of the physical examination tests.
This includes avoiding verification-based activities and allowing flexibility in methods (e.g., Lunetta et al. 2007).
In addition, the lab-specific items did not reflect current reforms in laboratory instruction (e.g., avoiding verification-based activities or allowing flexibility in methods; Lunetta et al. 2007).
All the included studies fulfilled the requirements of acceptable reference standard, partial verification bias avoided, differential verification bias avoided, incorporation bias avoided, detailed description of index test, blinding of investigators to reference, uninterpretable results reported and withdrawals explained.
