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Staying active during an episode of back pain was supported by 80% (item 27); however, 69% also thought they should take it easy (item 21), 55% thought the risks of vigorous exercise outweighed the benefits (26% unsure; item 26) and 25% believed exercise should be avoided (item 25).
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This will be considered too low if below 0.7 and too high if greater than 0.9 to avoid item redundancy.
Imputation of missing item responses is necessary to avoid item non-response bias, a common problem with survey data [ 25, 26].
"How much clove do you really need?" Bucknavage suggests avoiding items you're trying for the first time, would only eat in small quantities or would tire of quickly.
Maintaining a frame of reference is also necessary to avoid items from appearing inappropriate or even offensive.
To avoid item-specific confounds and fully control for stimulus features across conditions, each object concept (prime or target) was fully counterbalanced across participants.
In order to avoid item-specific effects, the same prime and target stimuli were used to create semantic, phonological, unrelated, and identical pairs over subjects.
Two, we mitigate this bias by avoiding items composite of several underlying dimensions, and by defining assessment questions as clearly as possible.
The empirical test of the QI-MQCS shows sufficient ability to discriminate between studies, indicating that the QI-MQCS avoids items representing unattainable standards but includes items that discriminate quality across an empirical sample of publications.
The patients were then advised to alter the proportions of protein, fat and carbohydrate, avoid items rich in FODMAPs and insoluble fibre, as well as consume vegetables and fruits containing less FODMAPs and insoluble fibre.
Use common sense and avoid items that tend to worsen your symptoms.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com