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Fatalistic views that nothing could be done if one developed cancer because of a family history of cancer were found among some South Asians and some African Americans, which led to the avoidance of screening.
14 15 However, a body of evidence regarding uptake of other forms of cancer screening suggests that a moderate level of affective risk perception optimises screening uptake, with too little creating a lack of motivation and too much leading to avoidance of screening.
Furthermore, anxiety about having prostate cancer predicted both PSA testing and avoidance of screening, the latter especially among asymptomatic men with a family history of prostate cancer.
There were also comments about many Aboriginal people having had family members pass away or experience high levels of trauma, resulting in their avoidance of screening from a fear of being diagnosed with kidney disease themselves.
Screening by colonoscopy or detection of fecal occult blood greatly reduces long-term CRC mortality (Zauber et al., 2012), but at least half of CRC mortality in the U.S.A. can be attributed to avoidance of screening (Meester et al., 2015).
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8 9 In some countries the screening protocol for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers now recommends the avoidance of mammographic screening before age 30 and advises the use of non-ionising radiation imaging techniques (such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) as the main tool for surveillance at young ages.
The challenge for the future will be the avoidance of overtreatment of screen-detected and early stage cancers.
Finally, we apply the resulting general conception of potential parents' preconception responsibilities to three cases: consumption of folic acid; avoidance of obesity; and undergoing screening for genetic risk.
Important as the avoidance of harm is, breast screening is pointless, even unethical, if the primary aim of detecting small cancers is not met.
Also, I myself decided long, long ago to be proactive about prevention (diet, exercise, avoidance of known carcinogens), vigilant about screening, ruthless about treating and fearless about sharing.
Such studies might lead to useful screening procedures for avoidance of human infertility resulting from hazardous environmental conditions.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com