Exact(2)
This includes obligations or duties from external sources as well as avoidance of negative outcomes (Dörnyei, 2009).
The approach of positive outcomes is termed promotion focus, while the avoidance of negative outcomes is called prevention focus.
Similar(58)
(2004) have suggested that worry reflects avoidance of images of negative outcomes, due to their greater emotional impact (although see Newman & Llera, 2011), and attempting to think about possible threats as problems to be resolved.
A downward spiral of negative outcomes soon follows.
Barbara is constitutionally optimistic, and she tried to cast away the idea of negative outcomes.
Experimentation, and the possibility of negative outcomes, becomes taboo.
Child poverty is linked to a host of negative outcomes.
It might also explain common clinical syndromes such as pathological gambling, where there is a lack of avoidance of negatively reinforced actions and impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease (Evans et al. 2004), where a blunting or reversal of the normal suppression of activity might explain a paradoxical maintenance of behavioral set in the face of negative outcomes.
Although most adolescents are targets of relational aggression at some point, only a sub-group experience significant psychological distress and impaired functioning, with research linking experiential avoidance to negative outcomes.
Change in experiential avoidance predicted negative outcomes at follow-up across domains regardless of group assignment.
Child sexual abuse was not directly associated with experiential avoidance or negative outcomes, but increased vulnerability for adolescent sexual victimization.
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