In the younger group, avoidance of food items that precipitated headache was practiced by six patients with migraine with aura, 13 with migraine without aura, two with tension-type headache, two with unspecified headache and one patient with trigeminal neuralgia.
Overall, avoidance of food items that precipitated headache such as chocolates and coffee was widely practiced by both age groups and head-massaging was the commonest method used to relieve the headache.
The measure has potential utility in clinical settings for several purposes: the assessment of current food selection and food-related concerns; the construction of individual hierarchies for graded exposure; and the evaluation of treatment outcomes with reference to fear and avoidance of food items.
It is known that pollinators may show density-dependent preferences such as neophobia (an avoidance of unfamiliar items) when different types of flower are available within their environment, and the dominance of monoculture crops within the environment may consequently have adverse effects upon the preferences shown by pollinators living in the field margins within them.
The PTSS checklist includes post traumatic stress symptoms in according to the DSM-classification in three symptom clusters: Re-experiencing the event (4 items), Avoidance of reminders and emotional numbness (7 items) and Hyperarousal (6 items).
It is a 17-item self-administered rating scale for evaluating the severity of social phobic symptoms, including three components: Fear in social situations (6 items), Avoidance of performance or social situations (7 items), and physiological discomfort in social situations (4 items).
We collected information about various non-pharmacological measures adopted by the patients during headache that included avoidance of certain food items that precipitated headache, use of wet towel or cold pack over head, avoiding the sun, lying quiet, tying a tight cloth around the forehead, traditional head and neck massage and local application of use of medicated oil.
Coping Styles were assessed using the subscales of Active problem-solving (5 items) and Avoidance (2 items) of the Utrecht Coping List (short version) [ 35].
For example, the three efficacy items (avoidance of hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia and weight gain) are three separate dimensions and vary independently; a medication that is superior in avoiding hyperglycaemia may be inferior in avoiding hypoglycaemia or weight gain.
Thomson et al.'s [ 1] factor analysis of the original 7-item scale yielded two factors, a general factor ("dental neglect") including all 7 items and a second factor ("avoidance of care") for the two items regarding putting off needed care.
