To avoid the extra variance caused by resampling while coping with particle degeneracy, a hybrid algorithm is proposed which automatically switches between SIS and APF according to whether a serious decrease in the effective sample size is detected.
The Kappa coefficient is still a subjective evaluation, as it cannot avoid the interobserver variance.
Different types of normalization of the EMG signal are typically performed to avoid the inherent variance associated with EMG amplitude.
To avoid the low-variance problem in t-tests, SAM uses a statistical method similar to the t-test and estimates the false discovery rate by permutation of repeated measurements [ 8].
In order to avoid the singularity of the variance covariance matrix of the within groups, 9 genes were selected.
The aim is to avoid the the time-variance and endogeneity of these variables.
To avoid this, the variance inflation factor with a threshold of 4 will be chosen to determine whether predictors are redundant and highly correlated.
We also accounted for correlation among the rate ratios based on a common reference group in each study to avoid underestimating the variance of the study specific trend, which could yield misleading results.
Also, to avoid the underestimation of parameters variance, we used R Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics (R Development Core Team 2004).
