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To determine whether adult M. sexta that had learned to avoid the odor of EA as larvae still exhibited odor avoidance behavior following metamorphosis, individuals from each fifth instar larval treatment were retested for odor preference as adults, approximately 28 to 35 days after larval conditioning, using the same Y choice apparatus.
To investigate learning in M. sexta larvae, we used classical conditioning to train caterpillars to avoid the odor of ethyl acetate (EA) by pairing it with a mild electric shock.
For example, female mice typically avoid the odor of male mice infected with an array of bacteria, viruses, protozoa and nematodes.
In addition to exhibiting strong innate preferences, C. elegans can learn to avoid the odor of specific pathogenic bacteria after infection (Zhang et al. 2005) and will migrate away from toxic or inedible bacteria, in part based on olfactory cues (Melo and Ruvkun 2012; Pradel et al. 2007; Shtonda and Avery 2006).
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Flies of the hawthorn and apple host races are attracted to the fruit odors of their respective hosts, and even avoid the odors of the other host fruit [ 10].
Flies avoid the odor they experienced at the time of intoxication when tested 30 min after training, but show a long-lasting preference for that odor when tested 24 or more hours later (control data in Figure 11B,C) (Kaun et al., 2011).
When the team inserted healthy copies of the gene into the forgetful flies, the mutants learned to avoid the odor.
Much like Ivan Pavlov's drooling dog experiment, the flies began to avoid the odor.
In aversive training, an odor is represented with electrical shocks, and flies learn to avoid the odor.
A new automated version of the assay also allows trial-and-error learning where single flies sample two odor streams and learn to avoid the odor stream triggering punishment [91].
To recognize an odor as disgusting (a kind of knowing) is to be repulsed by it (a motivation), which leads to avoiding the odor or eliminating its source (actions).
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