First, to account for technological progress and to avoid selection bias, propensity score analysis was used to compare data on technical parameters.
By acknowledging that art-making, let alone art-looking, can be fun, the gifted co-curators, Elisabeth Sussman and Jay Sanders, are also commenting on the art world's propensity to avoid the frivolity it feeds on, and the tendency to be ashamed of its money and its various unimaginative social hierarchies.
Using a meta-analysis of 142 experimental observations, this work examines the influence of different research design and outcome measures on extremeness aversion (i.e., the propensity to avoid extreme options in choice situations).
Additionally, there was no significant change in neck-shaft angles or the center trochanteric distance, illustrating a propensity to avoid varus or valgus deformity using this technique as well as a successful tethering of the trochanter, respectively.
These authors reported "In general, we found that the propensity to avoid frank disclosure was relatively homogeneously distributed among patients and physicians.
Although this might lead to a propensity to avoid rating cases of errors, we do not feel this occurred.
Using a behavioural style measure, a sub-group of fathers who attended antenatal classes, but who showed a high propensity to avoid 'threat-relevant' information reported a more negative experience than a similar group not attending classes.
In general, scores for a single leaf tended to range over a full rank (four subranks), and the only effect of extensive prior experience seemed to be a weak propensity to avoid very high and low ranks.
To avoid including in the propensity score model nonconfounding predictors of exposure, which would not reduce confounding but would decrease precision, we fit a preliminary logistic model predicting hospitalization with influenza-like illness that included all these covariates, along with study vaccine, to determine the strength of relation of each variable with the study outcome.
Epidemiological analyses techniques to avoid confounding (e.g. propensity score matching or matched-pair analysis) might lead to selectively choosed patients and thereby additionally decrease sample size within certain groups.
