Thus, to avoid confounding of country with care setting, and to obtain a more homogeneous data set for the cross-country comparisons, the inpatient data were omitted.
For these analyses, patients receiving NAC or AC were excluded to better reflect the natural history of disease and avoid confounding from adjunctive treatment.
In an effort to estimate vaccine efficacy and avoid confounding, seroprevalence for women in 2007 08 and 2009 10 was analyzed by vaccine status.
To avoid confounds from social status, subjects were kept in individual cages for 2 weeks prior to experimentation.
To avoid confounds from the specific scalp distribution (mainly of alpha activity predominantly at posterior sites), asymmetry analyses were done separately for the frontal and parietal locations.
Second, to avoid confounding, we adjusted for well-known confounders such as gender, age, smoking status, and BMI.
To avoid confounding by indication (for example, dietary changes occurring after RA symptom onset), we also performed analyses in which dietary variables were updated only until the date of first symptom of RA, rather than until the date of RA diagnosis.
In order to avoid confounding, analyses were controlled for various relevant treatment-related variables, including changes in treatment doses.
To avoid confounding by concomitant antibiotic therapy for other indications, patients who required such therapy were not recruited for the trial.
We derived natural history parameters describing the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in the model from studies of populations before widespread tobacco use, to avoid confounding our modifications that accounted for smoking (table 1).
