Pigeon droppings are a known ecologic niche for C. neoformans because the pathogen is predominantly isolated from avian environments or areas contaminated with avian feces (1 ).
In Avian Incubation: Behaviour, Environment, and Evolution (ed. Deeming, D. C.) 1 7 (Oxford University Press, 2002).
Hébert, P. N. Ecological factors affecting initiation of incubation behavior in Avian Incubation: Behaviour, Environment, and Evolution (ed. Deeming, D. C.) 270 279 (Oxford University Press, 2002).
The overwhelming association with avian droppings and environment, especially pigeons, sets C. neoformans apart from C. gattii.
But on reaching parasitic puberty, the worm requires a very different environment: an avian digestive tract.
The pig could therefore serve as an ideal environment for avian H9N2 viruses to acquire alterations favoring human infection and possibily human-to-human transmission.
The switch to chemicals with lower persistence in the environment reduces avian risk but it has also increased the already difficult challenges of quantifying mortality [27], [28] or sublethal effects [29], [30], and has increased the reliance on exposure and risk models [31], [32].
More recently, Sol et al. showed that the abundance of avian species in urbanised environments was positively correlated with the relative abundance of species in the surroundings [ 20].
Examining potential relationships between exotic monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) and avian communities in an urban environment.
Until more is understood about the relationship between elevated avian diversity and the physical environment of the land-shore interface, our results suggest that the Sea's surface be stabilized near its present level.
