where w m,q denotes the average of w k,m,q across k.
The atmospheric veiling is estimated by measuring the local average of w, μ w, and subtracting it from the local standard deviation of w, σ w.
Then, the objective weights for each criterion as crisp value are obtained by the average of W jk O according to the following equation: W j O = ∑ k = 1 t W jk O t ; ∑ j = 1 n W j O = 1 ; j = 1, …, n (9).
For this purpose the average of w is used to calculate LEN w) = 1−AVG(w); thus candidates comprising plenty of null weights get length values approaching to 1.
In general, the PAPR of wavelet coefficients coming out is defined in (16) as the ratio between the maximum instantaneous power and its average power, where E[ W C(t)]2 is the average power of W C (t) (wavelet coefficients).
Thus, the GCAI is the absolute difference in mean weighted averages of P w (ij ) for multiple muscles between the two species and is defined in Table 1.
Then the average distance of w to its neighbors is called the γ-index of w, i.e. <img src="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=info?doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0002967.e007.PNG" class= inline-graphic"/> The CSP filter with the lowest γ-index can clearly be regarded as "inlier"-point of a cluster.
Likewise if the stimulation consists of a long train of spikes without any quiescent period (Fig. 8(b)), the average level of W remains negligible.
It is critical to distinguish between this expected value and the average value of w in the population, denoted w ¯, which is an important term in its own right (it measures per capita population growth rate).
But this conclusion is misleading since when high and low frequencies are mixed in the same input signal in the form of bursting oscillations, the system displays a non zero response in the evolution of W, with the possibility of optimizing the average level of W over one period.
