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By using the average vertical wind shear (approx. 1.5 m s−1 km−1) estimated from the previous entry probes, such as Veneras (figure 9 of Schubert, 1983), they conclude that the violet and near-infrared contrast sources are separated by 15 km in the vertical direction.
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"The outlook," Bell said in a statement at the time, "reflects our expectation of a weak or nonexistent El Nino, near- or above-average sea-surface temperatures across the tropical Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea, and average or weaker-than-average vertical wind shear in that same region".
The weakness or absence of storm-suppressing El Niño climate conditions, combined with above-normal ocean surface temperatures and average or weaker vertical wind shear across the Caribbean and Atlantic Coast are factors pointing to an active hurricane season, said Ben Friedman, acting NOAA administrator.
Next, the zonally averaged zonal, meridional and vertical wind are calculated from 5 to 110 km.
The vector for the zenith sector shows the average wind field, not the vertical wind.
The dashed line indicates the nightly average (−10 m s−1) of the vertical wind differences.
This difference is also visible in the CTLE and WTLE T global average which will be presented in the "Vertical wind" section.
A high-performance metal resonance lidar can be used to measure the Na atom density and vertical wind profiles simultaneously; the average of their product yields the vertical Na atom flux as a function of height.
Half-hourly fluxes of CH4 (FCH4) and N2O (FN2O) were then calculated using the virtual disjunct eddy covariance (vDEC) method (Karl et al., 2002) as the covariance between turbulent fluctuations of the vertical wind speed and the VMRs derived from Reynolds averaging of 30 min blocks of data.
The vertical wind velocity in Fig. 7 e) is shown as the deviations from the average over a single night data.
Winds above the surface decelerate when the vertical wind shear (the change in wind velocity at differing altitudes) becomes large enough to result in vertical mixing.
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