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The average tube diameter is also smaller.
The nanotubes are well attached to each other, and the average tube diameter is about 180 nm.
Confirmation experiments using the optimized conditions were performed: TiO2 nanotube arrays were obtained with an average tube length of 1420 nm and average tube diameter of 36 nm.
In 2000, Grimes et al. presented that an aligned and organized TiO2 with an average tube diameter from 25to6565 nm nanotubes fabricated by anodization method [36].
The average tube diameter is evaluated about 110 nm. Figure 4b shows the microstructure of anodic TiO2 NTs modified by CeO2 NPs.
The average tube diameter estimated by TEM analysis using digital micrograph program (d-spacing values) software was found to be nearly 1.43 nm.
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Five different kinds of samples were used in this study: CVD-DWCNT (same precursor as used by Endo et al. [23] but adapted for HV-CVD [24]) with an average inner tube diameter of 0.8 nm plus commercially available HiPco SWCNT (Unidym) with an average diameter of 1 nm.
Although the idea of utilizing CNT films as conducting materials is simple, controlling density, average tube length, tube diameter and mixture of metallic and semiconducting CNTs is still challenging.
The structure of TiO2 nanotube arrays is highly ordered on Ti foils with smooth surface and an average tube inner diameter of 110 nm as shown in Fig. 1a.
Moreover, with CH4 as the carbon source, vertically-aligned CNT forests of ∼12 μm in height are achieved, and further characterizations indicate that the forests consist of dominant triple-walled nanotubes with an average inner tube diameter of 3.2 3.7 nm mostly.
In AOEC, extracellular ATP (100 μM) induced an approximately two-fold increase in total tube length, but total cell aggregate diameter, average tube length, and average cell aggregate diameter remained unchanged.
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