The average stress in the inhomogeneity represents its load carrying capacity, and the difference between the average stresses of the intact and broken inhomogeneities indicates the loss of load carrying capacity due to cracking damage.
An averaged stress tensor for granular media, which is automatically symmetrical and invariant by translations, is used to an accurate calculation of the averaged stress of the DE.
Based on the Mori–Tanaka method and the method of calculating the average stress of composite materials, the effective modules for the carbon nanotubes are obtained.
Residual stress state by X-ray diffraction method showed an average stress of − 64 MPa after LSP, whilst the untreated surface stress measured + 219 MPa.
The total area of the asperities (S_{a}) is set to 20%% of the fault area S. In the recipe, the average stress drop of the asperities is given by (Updelta sigma_{a} = left( {S/S_{a} } right Updelta sigma) (Madariaga 1979), which is 16 MPa in this case.
In Figure 4 we show the average treatment effect (ATE) normalized by the average stress level of the control units along with the 95% confidence intervals for each one of the four examined treatment variables.
