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The mean average roughness value (Ra) with addition of surfactant is 1.796 µm.
Average roughness value (Ra), measured on a surface profilometer: Talysurf PGI-120, indicated the response.
The specimens of nyatoh sanded with 80-grit sand paper resulted in the highest average roughness value of 14.75 μm.
The RABiTS tape was approximately 80 μm in thickness, and the average roughness value of surface roughness was less than 5 nm.
Average roughness value (R a): the arithmetic mean of the height of peaks and depth of the valleys from a mean line.
The average roughness value for the as-received Ni-Ti was significantly higher than that of the SS wire (P < 0.05), which was also confirmed by AFM observation.
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The roughness profiles and average roughness values were determined using 3D profilometry.
Also, the root mean square (RMS) roughness and the average roughness values obtained from AFM measurements are shown in Table 3.
The rendered images were imported into Adobe Premier for post-production, where additional information was added, such as the average roughness values (Ra) and the magnification values.
Different average roughness values of different areas for each sample were caused by ions with wide energy spectrum emitted from the focus region.
Larger filler particles in a material protrude from the surface; as the resin matrix is removed during the finishing and polishing, the arithmetic average roughness values (Ra) tend to increase [16, 17].
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