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The average phenotypic values of the homozygote for GKBR and the heterozygote were significantly higher than those of Kongyu 131, but no difference was observed between Kongyu 131 and the homozygote for Kongyu 131.
For each simulation i, average phenotypic values were used to estimate the response to selection r i as in (3).
The average phenotypic values of each plot over three replications in each environment were used for final analysis.
Without considering the effect of interactions among these loci, the more elite alleles were pyramided in varieties, with the larger average phenotypic values increasing significantly (Additional file 17: Figure S6).
The selection responses were calculated, using the common method of calculating selection responses by taking the differences between the average phenotypic values for the S and C lines across the generations of selection [ 25, 33].
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At two locations, ten plants from each cross were planted with a randomized block design in two replicates and the average phenotypic value of each cross from two locations was used in the data analysis.
Genetic values (the average phenotypic value of all individuals with the same genotype) of inbreds and hybrids in population B were taken from Flint-Garcia et al. (2009).
The average phenotypic value Z jk at generation G j of each selected individual k was measured from its 100 offsprings.
The results of the allelic analysis demonstrated that with the continual pyramid of elite alleles, the average phenotypic value increases significantly (Additional file 17: Figure S6), and these elite alleles will be beneficial to rice improvement in the future.
The prediction of genetic merit, that is, the average phenotypic value of an infinite number of descendants from a given individual, has been the subject of active investigations in quantitative genetics for decades.
The aim of this study was to predict the selection response in the coefficients of a linear reaction norm, and response in average phenotypic value in any environment, when mass selection is applied to a trait where G × E is modelled as a linear reaction norm.
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