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The average magnitude error was found to be 5% from the nominal and 4% for average phase error.
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The average phase errors proved that OPWM performs better than SBM and SPWM, whose maximum phase error is 0.23 rad, 0.15 rad, 0.08 rad, respectively.
Fromm's method of zero-average phase error (Wesseling 2001) is based on this observation.
A single run of traditional density modification procedure, including solvent flattening, histogram matching, and two-fold NCS averaging resulted in the phases with a figure-of-merit (FOM) weighted mean phase error of ~63° (Fig. 2B: Cycle 1).
We especially proposed and designed a simple scheme that compensates carrier frequency offset by using an average of phase errors between adjacent symbols.
We obtain an averaged estimate of the phase error as Figure 7 A PLL equipped FBMC receiver.
This number is then integrated to provide the phase error, whose average is forced to be zero by the loop.
With the phase error increasing, the average of the received power falls while its variance rises.
The phase drift is a combining effect of the average Doppler shift,, the instantaneous Doppler,, and the coarse synchronization phase error,, and can be expressed as, where is the symbol interval.
To obtain a metric equivalent to the combination of horizontal and vertical smooth pursuit gain, phase error data were two-point differentiated and smoothed with a ten-point moving average filter.
where ϕ denotes the compensated phase error.
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