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Haplotype diversity and average pairwise differences indicated a lower level of genetic diversity among the Kazakh populations when compared to published data from other Central Asians.
The average pairwise differences by population range from 1.69 to 7.42.
This result confirms the low polymorphism obtained from average pairwise differences between copies observed by Carlton et al. [ 9].
Genetic divergence (k) between P. vivax isolates and P. cynomolg i was estimated using the average pairwise differences per gene.
For mtDNA, the average pairwise differences as well as the weighted intra-lineage mean pairwise difference (WIMP) [ 23] were calculated.
The average pairwise differences among seven bovine species for the Zp2 and the Zp3 sequence data were calculated by Arlequin v3.11 [ 43].
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For each simulation, we calculated several statistics for four measures of genetic diversity (total number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity or heterozygosity, average pairwise difference and nucleotide diversity).
Intra-population measures of diversity (number of haplotypes, gene diversity, nucleotide diversity, average pairwise difference, and number of segregating sites (θs)) were calculated for each species using the software ARLEQUIN (Version 3.1) [32].
Below diagonal: corrected average pairwise difference (PiXY- PiX+PiY)/2).
The average pairwise difference per site [ 18, 19].
Below diagonal, F ST value- Diagonal elements, average number of pairwise differences within population (PiX)- Above diagonal, corrected average pairwise difference (PiXY- PiX + PiXY- PiX
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