The ergodicity principle states that the average over periods of time along a given trajectory of an observable is, at the limit, identical to the ensemble average of this observable as obtained, for instance, from Monte Carlo simulations: (39) O − ≈ O.
In order to detect faint signals, the receiver output is often averaged over periods of up to several hours to reduce the effect of noise generated by thermal radiation in the receiver.
The lines were identified using spectra averaged over periods of various solar activity levels.
The standard approach to SDM incorporates climate variables such as mean annual temperature and annual precipitation averaged over periods of c. 30 years [5].
Specifically, we used exposures averaged over periods varying from 1 to 7 days to assess the effects of particulate matter on asthma hospitalization.
For each biomarker, associations with daily BC in the 24 hr preceding the blood draw lagged up to 7 days and averaged over periods ranging from 1 day to 4 weeks were investigated in separate models.
Then, the terms are easily averaged over the orbital period by Equation (10).
The most adversely impacted hospitals started the period with the smallest profits, and their profits fell, on average, over the period.
The overall stock market, meanwhile, gained 14.9percentt a year, on average, over the period.
Morningstar reports that just 13 of those funds beat the Standard & Poor's 500-stock index by at least four percentage points a year, on average, over that period.
Despite incredible growth, airlines have not come close to returning the cost of capital, with profit margins of less than 1% on average over that period.
