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For the simulations we considered an average recombination rate 0.60 cM/Mb (Jensen-Seaman et al., 2004 ) and mutation rate of 2 x10−8 per base per generation and estimated an average of three generations per year.
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Every 4 days1500 μL was transferred into 9.45 mL of fresh medium, a 1/64 dilution that permitted an average of six generations of growth per cycle and a final population size of ~1x10.
In mice, this requires at least 20 generations (Eisen 2005) and assuming an average of four generations per year, it takes a minimum of 5 years to create a new RIL.
The number of generations involved in creating the inbred stocks varied from 5 to 12. Assuming a minimum of three generations to the last common B73 ancestor before development of the stocks and three generations of maintenance by the seed company and/or the national seed storage laboratory (GRIN) afterward yields an average of 15 generations to the last common ancestor for each centromere.
We measured the promoter activity of each sugar system at mid-exponential phase, by averaging the promoter activity over a window of two generations centered at the point of maximal growth rate.
The AA population has been in the US for an average of about five generations and we do not have evidence of major immigration for the current AA generation, so gene flow resulting in HWD in our AA sample is unlikely.
As a result, college students change majors an average of three times, millennials are the "least engaged generation in the workplace," according to Gallup, and they have a reputation for job-hopping.
A far cry from previous generations, today's working dads who live with their kids spend an average of three hours a day with them.
All results were average of three replicates.
An average of two to three weeks is required for an egg to develop into an adult, and there may be up to 10 generations each year.
Games last an average of four minutes.
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