Similar nonlocal problems also model several physical and biological systems where u describes a process which depends on the average of itself, for example, the population density; see [2, 3].
Similar nonlocal problems also model several physical and biological systems where u describes a process that depends on the average of itself, for example, the population density; see [2, 3].
We have to point out that nonlocal problems also appear in other fields as biological systems, where u describes a process which depends on the average of itself (for example, the population density).
The stationary form of type (1.1) is taken in the form of -kbiggl( int_{Omega}|nabla u|^{2},dxbiggr triangle u = f x,u), quadmbox{in } Omega (1.2) which may be used for modeling several physical and biological systems, where u describes a process which depends on the average of itself, for example, the population density [2].
(C ) Average subthreshold voltage responses of the example cells to small (−10 pA) current steps.
A solution could be to introduce in the slow dynamics a function that computes the average of the past activity, for example the mean of the oscillations if this differs from the value of the silent state [34].
Jensen's well known (to statisticians) inequality states that 'the function of the average is not the same as the average of the function' (see, for example, Pitchford et al. 2005), and therefore more mathematically rigorous methods are required.
Weighted averaging: In this case, the parameter values may change several times during the sample window; hence, we calculate the weighted average of it, an example is the RSSI (received signal strength indication) parameter.
It is pointed out in [5] that Kirchhoff-type problem (1.4) models several physical and biological systems, where u describes the process which depends on the average of itself (for example, population density).
A final test which is commonly applied to distinguish between rational pricing and mispricing is to calculate the equal-weight average of the CB portfolios (see for example Daniel and Titman 1997; Davis et al. 2000; Daniel et al. 2001).
